常见的英语修辞
修辞手法是通过修饰、调整语句，运用特定的表达形式以提高语言表达作用的方式和方法。修辞不仅仅在中文里很常见，在英文里也是多种多样。这篇文章里，我们就来谈一谈英文中常见的修辞手法。
1.simile明喻
明喻是常用as或like等词将两种不同事物通过比较而连接起来的一种修辞手法。
让我们看几个例子：
好的咖啡如同友谊，丰厚，温暖，热烈。
人生就像一罐沙丁鱼，我们大家都在找开启的起子。
他这人就像一只骄傲的公鸡，以为太阳升起是为了它的啼叫。
2.metaphor暗喻
暗喻是将两种有共同点的不同事物进行隐晦比较的修辞手法。
明喻与暗喻的不同点就在于是否有出现like或者as（像）这一类比喻词，下面这几个句子都是暗喻：
幽默是生活的减震器,它可以鼓舞人们付诸于行动。
时间，你这个小偷。
可是我的心是孤独的猎手，在孤独的小山上狩猎。
3.personification拟人
拟人是一种为无生命或抽象物体赋予人类特质与能力的修辞手法。
奥利奥：牛奶最喜爱的曲奇。
大风凛冽,发出怒吼。
这里唯一的怪物就是赌博怪物，它将你母亲沦为奴隶！我叫它赌棍，该把你母亲从他的霓虹灯魔爪下救出来的时候了！
4.euphemism委婉语
委婉语是使用较委婉含蓄的语言替换强烈冒犯的话语。
这种修辞可能听起来陌生，但在日常生活中的使用频率其实很高。比如，老人去世的时候我们会采用“过世”、“走了”这一类的话语，这其实就是委婉语。英文里也有类似的用法，了解委婉语背后真正的含义对阅读英语文章也是很有帮助的哦~下面我们就一起看几个例子：
elder citizen老年人（不用old people）
pass away逝世（不用die）
You've got a prime figure.你的体态丰腴。（不用fat）
5.pun双关语
双关语是指利用同词不同义或是同音不同词来制造文字游戏的一种修辞方式。
部分电视剧的幽默效果就是通过双关语来实现的。
生前劳碌奔命，死后化灰入土。
（earn与urn(火化)同音异义，用在一起显得俏皮，别有趣味。）
七天不进水，人就会虚弱。
weak和week是同音异义词。因此这句话听起来可以理解为：
Seven days without water makes one week.
6.alliteration头韵
押头韵是指重复单词第一个辅音的修辞方式。
头韵是英语语音修辞的一种，体现了语言的音乐美和整齐美。广为熟知的一本名著《傲慢与偏见》（Pride and Prejudice）的书名就体现了头韵。常见的例子还有：
first and foremost首先
with might and main 尽全力地
saints and sinners 圣人与罪人
in weal and (or) woe无论是福是祸
7.oxymoron矛盾修辞法
矛盾修辞法是一种修辞手段，它是用两种不相调和，甚至截然相反的`词语来形容一件事物。
这个定义是不是听起来云里雾里的呢？让我们先用中文的例子来理解一下~
宝玉道：“我呢？你们也替我想一个。”
宝钗笑道：“你的号早有了，无事忙三字恰当得很！”
上文的“无事忙”就是矛盾修辞法，“无事”和“忙”不就是两种截然相反的状态吗？
再来看几个英文例子：
我们只能相信自由意志，除此之外我们别无选择。
他那来源于不名誉的名誉依然如故。
8.hyperbole夸张
夸张是对事物着意夸大的修辞方式。
我们在口语中常常会夸大自己的情绪，比如：
我吓死了。
男男女女在表达爱意的时候经常也很夸张：
你是我的全世界，是我的月亮，我的星星……
大学英语修辞手法总结
1) Simile：(明喻）
It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.
2) Metaphor：(暗喻）
It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.
3) Analogy: (类比）
It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.
4) Personification: (拟人）
It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.
5) Hyperbole: (夸张）：
It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.
6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）
It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.
7) Euphemism: (委婉）
It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away".
8) Metonymy (转喻）
It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).
9) Synecdoche (提喻）
It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.
10) Antonomasia (换喻）
It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.
11) Pun: (双关语）
It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)
12) Solipsism: (一语双叙）
It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here we are used to refer to you and me.)
In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting, and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)
13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）
It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, the sun shall not burn you by day or the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)
14) Irony: (反语）
It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good. 15) Innuendo: (暗讽） It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.
16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）
It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.
17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）
It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary toestablished fact or practice, but which onfurther thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed.
18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）
It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).
19) Antithesis: (对照）
It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.
20) Epigram: (警句）
It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.
21) Climax: (渐进）
It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.
22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）
It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.
23) Apostrophe： (顿呼）
In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said.
For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!
24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词）
It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.
25) Alliteration: (头韵）
It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.
26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）
It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement。
